Superior letter

 ( Typography ) 

In typography and handwriting, a superior letter is a lower-case letter placed above the baseline and made smaller than an ordinary script. The style has traditionally been distinct from superscript. Formerly quite common in abbreviations, the original purpose was to make handwritten abbreviations clearly distinct from normal words. These could also be used to make the important words on signs larger. In technical terms, the superior letter can also be called the superscripted minuscule letter. In modern usage, with word processors and text entry interfaces, superscript and superior letters are produced in the same way and look identical. Their distinction would refer to their usage and not to their form.

With the advent of printing, pieces of type were cast to enable them to appear in print. These are still commonly used in French language, Italian language, Portuguese and Spanish language, though their appearance in English language has diminished. Not every letter in the alphabet has a piece of type cast for it as a superior letter. In the book Thinking in Type, by Alex W. White, it is stated that there are only twelve superior letters used in French and Spanish: a, b, d, e, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, and t. However, a few other superior letters are also used in those languages, for example in English, h is also sometimes rendered as a superior letter, or in French, superior g is used in some abbreviations ( See below).

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Use in French In French, certain abbreviations are written with the first letter(s) of the word they represent, followed by the final letter(s) in superscript. The superscript in this case is sometimes optional. Most commonly, this appears in the abbreviations of personal titles: M^gr (or Mgr) stands for ('Your Grace'), M^lle (or Mlle) for ('Miss'), M^e for ('Maestro'), etc. Other abbreviations containing superior letters are m^dise for ('merchandise'), éch^ce for ('due date'), and M^o for métro ('subway').

When ordinal numbers are abbreviated, superscript letters are generally used:

• premier: 1^er ('first')
• vingtième siècle: XX^e siècle ('twentieth century')
• quatre centième: 400^e ('four hundredth')
• énième: N^ième ('nth')

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Use in Spanish In Spanish, they are known as letras voladas ('flying letters', in Spain) or voladitas ( letters). At present, these letters are usually not underlined, though underlining them is acceptable. It is ruled that a period must be added immediately before them, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, Real Academia Española, 2005. despite the fact that this norm is often ignored.

Superior letters are used to shorten various words in order to save space: f.^o (folio 'page'); titles: D.^a (doña 'Lady, Ms.'); personal compound given names: M.^a Cristina (italics=unset) and regular administrative expressions: imp.^to (impuesto 'tax').

For singular ordinal numbers, shortened forms use the feminine () and masculine () ordinal indicators, rather than the superscript ^a and ^o, except in ordinal numbers ending in -er (only before masculine singular sustantives for ordinal numbers whose cardinal equivalent finishes in 1 and 3, except with the 11.º variant spelled undécimo).

• primera: 1.ª, primero: 1.º, primer: 1.^er ('first')
• segunda: 2.ª, segundo: 2.º, segundo: 2.^do ('second')
• tercera: 3.ª, tercero: 3.º, tercer: 3.^er ('third')
• vigésima primera: 21.ª, vigésimo primero: 21.º, vigésimo primer: 21.^er ('twenty-first')
• vigésima quinta: 25.ª, vigésimo quinto: 25.º ('twenty-fifth')

For plural ordinal numbers, shortened forms use the superscript ^as and ^os:

• primeras: 1.^as, primeros: 1.^os ('firsts')
• segundas: 2.^as, segundos: 2.^os ('seconds')
• terceras: 3.^as, terceros: 3.^os ('thirds')
• vigésimas quintas: 25.^as , vigésimos quintos: 25.^os ('twenty-fifths')

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Use in English In English, superior letters are reserved for use with ordinal numerals, as in , etc. However, this use is not mandatory and not always preferred: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. are also accepted abbreviations of ordinal numerals.

Previously, in English-speaking countries, were used for recordkeeping. Today, their use is very uncommon, and they are generally only found in historical records. These abbreviations sometimes employed superior letters; for example, Alex^r for Alexander, Nic^s for Nicholas.

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Masculine and feminine ordinal indicators Most for Spanish and other Romance languages had keys that could enter ^o and ^a directly, as a shorthand intended to be used primarily with ordinal numbers, such as 1.^o for first.

In computing, early 8-bit as code page 437 for the original IBM PC (circa 1981) also had these characters. In ISO-8859-1 Latin-1, and later in Unicode, they were assigned to and are known as U+00AA FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR (ª) and U+00BA MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR (º). Here, "feminine" and "masculine" refers to grammatical gender. In Spanish, Portuguese, Galician and Italian, gender is usually distinguished by the suffixes -a and -o. These ordinal indicators are now distinct from the superior ^o and ^a characters. Apart from Microsoft’s Calibri or Cambria, in most of the commonly available today, ordinal indicators are not underlined.

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Numero sign One abbreviation using a superior letter, the numero sign, has been given its own character: №. Originally, this was just another use of a superior ^o, abbreviating numero, the word for 'number' in several . It often appears in English, for example in № 2 pencil, for 'number-two pencil'.

In Unicode, it is assigned to character U+2116 NUMERO SIGN (№) within the Letterlike Symbols block.

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Phonetic transcription Several superior letters are used in phonetic transcription systems. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses the superscript n ⁿ for nasal release, the superscript w ʷ to indicate labialized or labio-velarized consonants, the superscript h ʰ for aspirated consonants, the superscript j ʲ for palatalized consonants, the superscript gamma ᵞ for velarized consonants, the superscript turned h ᶣ for labio-palatalized consonants, the superscript reversed glottal stop for pharyngealized consonants, the superscript glottal stop is used for glottalized but pulmonic sonorants, such as mˀ, lˀ, wˀ, aˀ. Other superscript letters are used as an alternative way to represent double articulated consonants, for example tˢ for t͡s.

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See also

• Subscript and superscript
• Unicode subscripts and superscripts
• Ordinal indicator
• Numero sign
• Degree symbol

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